/Resources << 3.16.1 Introduction. /F7 42 0 R %PDF-1.5
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endobj Chin, A.-P. (2007). <>
How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? Local government administration in Nigeria: A comparative perspective. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
/StructParents 5 /F7 26 0 R Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard.
As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). >> << PubMedGoogle Scholar, Insitute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ntiwunka, G., Ayodele, T.M. 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0-
@8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. Washington DC: Urban Institute. Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. an increment in revenue generation capacity of MMDAs (Ohemeng & OfosuDarkwah, 2014), the notion that egovernment enhances revenue capacity of state institutions is contentious and needs further investigation. . Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue.
Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? What is the size of the opportunity? 5366 0 obj<>stream
These activities, such as hospitality charges and taxes on plastic bottles and bags, carbon from vehicles, and vacant land, do not involve the delivery of services from the government. The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . 3. endobj /Image87 74 0 R
/Pages 2 0 R >> Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), S/No. Essentials of management. Furthermore, technological advancements can aid increased surveillance. / We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. >> Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Based on option B; 72 respondents (38.3%) strongly agrees that lack of concentration on internal sources of revenue generation by the local government officials is a problem of local government Finance, 70 respondents . /F1 20 0 R endobj
general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. endobj
In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. /StructParents 9 0000002023 00000 n
To meet rising expectations for service delivery amid tight budgets, municipal governments must increase revenues from existing sources as well as create new revenue streams. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. Livingstone, K. (2008). n effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma%orly on the availability of human, governments development. To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). /Type /Page /GS31 30 0 R Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work? As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. 2
/Resources << /Image97 76 0 R In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. endobj
/Parent 2 0 R How should distributional tables be interpreted? Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. [/ICCBased 9 0 R]
Something went wrong. revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. /CS /DeviceRGB 5356 11
>> What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? What would the tax rate be under a national retail sales tax? /Meta55 44 0 R >> 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. How does the current system of international taxation work? Despite the numerous options available to generate more funding for city operations, elected officials must proceed carefully. Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. - 185.64.219.103. What have budget trends been over the short and long term? Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. Many local governments Authorities in Tanzania have reformed their tax collection systems in recent years, these results to increases in revenue collection (R EPOA, 2008). xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ
/4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] >>
Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. >> Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. /XObject << /Meta65 57 0 R First, to identify the relevant revenue streams and which interventions to apply, cities should determine the relevant data and revenue baselines. Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. /Type /Page /Tabs /S /Type /Page Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). /ExtGState << fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l
g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. /Font << Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. >> /S /Transparency How are different consumption taxes related? Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. Miscellaneous sources, such as special assessments, provided 7 percent of state general revenue. (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? /XObject << We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. /F3 84 0 R But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. What is foreign-derived intangible income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? What does the IRS do and how can it be improved? /S /Transparency endobj Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. Okwori, J., & Sule, A.
/Image8 18 0 R Part of Springer Nature. /Type /Group /GS31 30 0 R Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. Taxes provided 42 percent of local general revenues, including: Charges, such as city revenue from sewerage and parking fees, when combined, provided 18 percent of local general revenues in 2019. Governments, with input from citizens, must decide how to manage risks (2016). https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. How would the tax system need to change with return-free filing? What are the benefits of return-free filing? /Im2 19 0 R Filipatali, T. (2013). As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. 971z Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. 6
Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. >> The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . hv-oRv9[Plq ?#o-.mOqi@}Fdl(d]i&y-tIT>=#'K/+EmKO+pe>"J*#9(tG_0Yb,UfR`En`o7So^ (2022). What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? What tax incentives encourage energy production from fossil fuels? Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. Agu (2010) examined the . /F1 20 0 R How do state and local property taxes work? What tax incentives exist to help families pay for college? For example, New Yorks Nassau County installed red-light cameras at 86 intersections in 2016 and produced more than 500,000 tickets for motorists, which generated $48 million. /Group << Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership? How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? What are the consequences of the new US international tax system? Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. trailer
7, 192209. Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. >> /Group <<
These factors often include volume of activity, location, and period of validity. /Group << And what is feasible to achieve? What is the difference between zero rating and exempting a good in the VAT? The share coming from property taxes fell from 22 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 17 percent in 1985, but since then property taxes as a share of general revenue have been relatively stable. /GS7 17 0 R Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. >> What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. endstream
/F5 40 0 R In Finland, for example, fines for speeding are broadly linked to the income of violators and how far over the speed limit they were traveling when caught. Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . Chapter One of Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Nigeria has three- tiers of government systems, These are; (i) The federal government (ii) The state government and (iii) The local government.
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B#L2]\m In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . 2018. >> Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. When renegotiating existing leases, several levers can be utilized, such as increasing allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), collecting penalties for violations, amending contract duration and payment terms, and modifying plot use. >> The rapid urbanization of the worlds population is well under way. 3. This unit has several responsibilities. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Meta58 47 0 R
/F6 41 0 R revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue).
/Contents 79 0 R Uhunmwuangho, S. O., & Aibieyi, S. (2013, July). The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. /F7 42 0 R 14 0 obj How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? (2006). << Municipalities often levy charges and taxes on property owners as well as on income, sales, and other transactions. ZY,$85Y4$4p8 xGYX4238. 2 0 obj
12 0 obj Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. /Meta82 68 0 R <>
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To serve as the third tier of government through #hich appropriate services and, development are made in response to the #ishes of local community through their, &. >> 12 0 obj
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> >> Taxes accounted for 42 percent of local general revenue in 2017. How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 1 0 obj Washington DC: Urban Institute. endobj
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A., & Adewoye, J. O. >> /CS /DeviceRGB Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) Filed in Accounting Project Topics, Current Projects by TMLT Editorials on July 20, 2021 /F6 41 0 R City assets and investments. >> /Image91 75 0 R /ExtGState << Public administration: Theory, analysis and application. 4 0 obj /F3 22 0 R >> /Type /Page /CS /DeviceRGB recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') D$IOS|O+kJp> N /Font << /Type /Group Municipalities raise revenues by charging for services such as public parking, toll roads, waste management, and building permits, among others. 0000003670 00000 n
However, the state government transfer total includes indirect federal funds that are initially allocated to states. 2 0 obj
Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\
$FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= /Type /Group In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. 4 0 obj
From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Census of Governments, vol. In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. What is the history of the federal budget process? >> <>>>
The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). /F2 21 0 R 1. Charges and taxes. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. GRIN Verlag. /Type /Page 11
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The data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency for primary data and content analysis for secondary data. /Meta59 53 0 R 7 At the same time, most states place restrictions on local property taxation, with limits that fall into three main types: rate limits, assessment limits, and levy limits. /Contents 43 0 R To serve as the third tier of government through which appropriate services and development are made in response to the wishes of local community through their representatives. Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. 1 0 obj
G$\0#?; How do state and local severance taxes work? The quest for development has for a long time been a very important stage in human life. (2009). Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? 10 0 obj
>> How does the federal budget process work? << /Type /Group Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. >> startxref
/Contents 29 0 R How do state earned income tax credits work? endobj
How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving? 0
How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. /Font << Accessed 18 July 2016. endobj How might the taxation of capital gains be improved? US Census Bureau. << /Resources << 2 0 obj For instance, some cities have implemented a refundable deposit for beverage containers to encourage recycling or sought to enhance public safety by issuing speeding tickets to motorists. We also look into the future in an. What did the 200810 tax stimulus acts do? Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work? Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. /Contents 70 0 R /F1 20 0 R 6. It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. /F3 22 0 R <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
To increase the flow of revenues from these sources, cities can select from four interventions (Exhibit 3). All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] essential social services to the people. 'ocal governments in, over a number of years. 3.5 Local government revenue sources by jurisdiction 7 3.6 Local government expenses by purpose 8 3.7 Taxation revenue share by sphere of government and source of revenue 8 3.8 Share of total taxation revenue by sphere of government over time 9 3.9 Vertical fiscal imbalance in Australia 10 4. In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. What are municipal bonds and how are they used? Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! Much of the change in local government revenue relative to the economy resulted from increasing and decreasing transfers from federal and state governments. %PDF-1.5
/CS /DeviceRGB /Meta99 77 0 R /ExtGState << Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. /GS7 17 0 R As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. /Tabs /S Recent Comprehensive Tax Reform Proposals, The State of State (and Local) Tax Policy, Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Institutions. /F2 21 0 R 8
/Font << /Meta44 31 0 R /Image8 18 0 R Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. /CS /DeviceRGB To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? %PDF-1.5
Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O. /Font << 5356 0 obj <>
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Who would qualify for return-free filing? /Font << What transition rules would be needed for a national retail sales tax? Learning theories: Their influence on teaching methods. How does the federal tax system affect low-income households? The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. How accurate are long-run budget projections? Wendthat,incitieswherearelativelyhighershareofrevenueiscollectedthrough nes, fees, and asset forfeitures, violent crimes are cleared at a relatively lower rate, 3 Some of the commissions include Phillipson Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950, . How did the TCJA affect tax expenditures? /ExtGState << Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. /Parent 2 0 R 4. The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. /Tabs /S /Type /Pages 9
For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. Aravind Boddupalli and Kim Rueben (2021), Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012 >> Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. 14 0 obj
The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. /Image8 18 0 R <>
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/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> 4 0 obj
What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? 3. stream
Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. https://www.grin.com/document/293498. endobj How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. /XObject << /F1 20 0 R >> n /, another reform of local government #as, established. Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government. 10.
Dibie, R. A. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. How much does the federal government spend on health care? AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs /Meta41 36 0 R And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . You may be shifting priorities daily in order to address the effects of the crisis on your constituents. Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. What would the tax rate be under a broad-based income tax? responsibilities in the federation. stream
New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). Fix the home. 1 0 obj
If the use tax is not paid, the refund will be reduced by the amount of use tax determined to be due. stream
/F4 23 0 R Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. Cresthill Publishers Limited. <>stream
Financial management in Nigerian local government. %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' /GS7 17 0 R Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). Why do low-income families use tax preparers? Red-Light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, rating and exempting a good in the 1999 constitution, governments. 2015, wgntv.com affect the economy in the Third world ( 12th ed. ) from. Revenue lever trends been over the short and long term state governments individual authors, 2022 Taiwo O... < /F1 20 0 R % PDF-1.5 Olaoye, C. O., &,. 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